Leaf and stem rust diseases also occur on barley, oat, triticale, and rye and are important production constraints in several regions. A stem rust pathotype first detected in 2000, with newly acquired virulence for Sr8b and Sr38, currently constitutes more than 80% of all collections. In addition, the annual number of wheat stem rust collections is increasing, emphasising the sustained threat of this damaging pathogen. triticina were initiated in the 1920s, but were discontinued until research on wheat stem rust was resumed in the 1960s. Pathotype surveys of Puccinia graminis and P. Due to susceptibility of cultivars at the time of this exotic introduction, stripe rust has caused significant losses in commercial wheat production over the past 10 years. The wheat stripe rust pathogen was first detected in South Africa in 1996.
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Recurring stem and leaf rust epidemics were associated with expanding wheat production and became particularly severe in the winter-rainfall regions of the Western and Eastern Cape, as well as in the summer-rainfall regions of the Free State. According to historical records the first documented epidemic of wheat stem rust occurred in the south-western parts of the current Western Cape in 1726. The cultivation of small grain cereals was introduced to South Africa by Dutch settlers in the 17th Century.
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